A 30-year BOO agreement converts Clark County's 2,000 TPDzero public capex.
What this document is
The commercial structure of a 30-year Circular Supply Agreement for Clark County — the Beneficiation Fee, the Circular Royalty™, deployment phases, site candidates, risk allocation and timeline.
- One Circular Supply Agreement governs the relationship; Clark County commits feedstock, not capital, and Carbotura finances the facility at every phase.
- The Beneficiation Fee and the Circular Royalty™ are independent transactions, reported separately and never netted against each other.
- The timetable is set by the decision window: regional siting capacity goes to first movers, and the build from execution to commissioning runs 12–18 months.
- See the feedstock assessment ↗Volumes, routes and current costs.
- See the economic model ↗Thirty years of flows, reported separately.
- What residents get ↗Jobs, environment and cost, in plain language.
Eight Commitments · One Engagement
Four items are required. One item is subject to Waste Characterization Study. Three optional items signal Public Authority materials offtake under the CMOA.
What This Proposal Means for Clark County
Fee: $100/ton Yr 1 · +2.5%/yr · ~$14.6M/yr (146,000 tpy)
Circular Royalty™: 120% from Month 13 · +1pp/yr
~$17.52M/yr Year 2 → ~$43.1M/yr Year 30
$0 Fee · site deed at signing (Clark County Recorder)
~$14.6M/yr Year 2 → ~$19.3M/yr Year 30
Landfill deeded at signing (if study confirms)
Exogenesis™ Royalty: $50/ton · ~$3.65M/yr from Year 6
Subject to Waste Characterization Study
- ▸ Zero capex, zero debt: Carbotura deploys $305M (Phase Initial) to $1.17B (full deployment) under a Build-Own-Operate structure. Clark County's sole financial obligation is the Beneficiation Fee per ton of feedstock delivered — currently a cost you are incurring anyway as a disposal expense.
- ▸ Cost transformation, not cost addition: The Beneficiation Fee replaces the current Apex tipping fee. In Year 1, disposal cost is restructured — same spend, different destination.
- ▸ Royalty compounds annually: The Circular Royalty™ rate escalates +1 percentage point per year.
- ▸ No facility transfer at contract end: Carbotura retains ownership of all ACM infrastructure throughout and following the 30-year CSA term. Clark County receives the economic benefit of the facility without acquiring the liability of ownership.
- ▸ Manufacturing classification is a precondition: This offer is contingent on the ACM facility receiving and maintaining manufacturing NAICS classification (325180, 325998, 327992, 331110, 331314, 331492). See §1.0 Regulatory Predicate Transition (RPT).
Contract Structure and Classification Basis
Regulatory Predicate Transition (RPT)
Advanced Circular Manufacturing is a manufacturing process, not a waste-management activity. Microwave Catalytic Reforming operates in an anoxic, oxygen-free, sub-atmospheric environment — mechanistically incompatible with combustion or biological degradation. ACM does not fit within the waste domain and does not operate under waste-domain statutes. The Regulatory Predicate Transition (RPT) — also framed as the dewaste pathway — is the coordinated regulatory shift from legacy disposal-predicate statutes onto manufacturing-predicate classifications. 100% elemental recycling of the municipal material stream requires this transition. Manufacturing NAICS 325180 · 325998 · 327992 · 331110 · 331314 · 331492 (6-code ACM set) plus EPA RCRA §1004(27) / 40 CFR §261.2(e) exclusion pathway in the US; ISIC Rev.4 20-25 + UN CPC 89 internationally. In many jurisdictions the required authorities already exist in latent form within existing statutes; in others the transition requires primary-authority amendments. The Joint Working Group phase includes a regulatory engagement workstream to shepherd the RPT alongside site permitting. Both parties commit to the RPT pathway. Carbotura brings the process-classification evidence, regulatory engagement expertise from prior ACM deployments, and the legal-technical framework. The counterparty brings the standing to engage the local regulator, the political mandate for the transition, and — where applicable — legacy statutory authorities that can be re-instrumented for manufacturing use. The endpoint is categorical: manufacturing classification across all permitting, licensing, and regulatory contexts. Interim bridging authorities may apply during the transition.
§1.1 — Commercial Structure
The Community Operating Agreement (CSA) is a 30-year bilateral agreement between Clark County, Nevada and the Carbotura SPV entity established for this deployment. The agreement governs feedstock delivery obligations, Beneficiation Fee terms, Circular Royalty™ calculation and timing, performance standards, and dispute resolution.
| Party | Obligation | Duration | Nature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clark County | Deliver designated feedstock streams to ACM facility at agreed tonnage schedule; pay Beneficiation Fee per ton on delivery | 30 years from COD | Operational + financial |
| Carbotura SPV | Design, finance, build, own and operate ACM facility; accept all designated feedstock; pay Circular Royalty™ on rolling 13-month lag; maintain performance standards | 30 years from COD | Capital + operational + payment |
| Capital obligation | Zero — Clark County bears no construction cost, debt, or operating liability | BOO structure | |
| Facility ownership | Carbotura SPV throughout and following the CSA term. No facility transfer at contract end. | Permanent | SPV asset |
§1.2 — Decision Window
The optimal Joint Working Group phase authorization window is the next 12 months. With a standard deployment schedule of T0+24 months to Phase Initial COD, a Joint Working Group phase authorization today targets a COD in approximately Q1 2028. Delaying by 12 months delays first Circular Royalty™ receipts by a corresponding 12 months — at Phase Expanded volumes, the opportunity cost of a 12-month delay is approximately $87.6M in Year 2 royalty receipts deferred.
No externally-mandated regulatory deadline has been identified at time of this publication. The principal time-forcing mechanism is the ongoing cost of disposal at undisclosed Apex tipping rates that escalate at Republic Services' sole discretion. Every quarter of inaction is a quarter of uncontrolled disposal cost. The decision window is not defined by a hard external deadline — it is defined by the opportunity cost of delay.
§1.5 — CSA Structure
At CSA execution, Clark County The Exogenesis™ Royalty (Apex Regional Landfill, North Las Vegas) is a structured option for discussion — activation requires Waste Characterization Study, qualifying asset confirmation, and mutual agreement.
Exogenesis™ is a structured option for discussion. Apex Regional Landfill is the largest active landfill in the United States by volume — its scale represents a significant Exogenesis™ opportunity, but this requires Waste Characterization Study to confirm extractable mass economics before any commitment is made. Activation requires: (1) Study; (2) qualifying asset confirmation; (3) mutual agreement.
Phase Configuration, Capital Structure, and Site Analysis
§2.1 — Phase Configuration
| Phase | Deployed TPD | Modules | Annual Feedstock (TPY) | % of Addressable | COD | Source Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | 500 | 5 × 100 TPD | 182,500 | 7.0% of total system | T0 + 24 months | Baseline |
| Medium | 1,000 | 10 × 100 TPD | 365,000 | 14.1% of total system | T0 + 42 months | Baseline |
| Expanded | 2,000 | 20 × 100 TPD | 730,000 | 28.1% of total system | T0 + 60 months | Baseline |
Module math: ⌈TPD ÷ 100⌉ per phase. Timeline = Carbotura standard deployment schedule. T0 = engagement authorization.
§2.2 — BOO Capital Structure
| CapEx Component | Phase Initial | Phase Medium (Incremental) | Phase Expanded (Incremental) | Total Through Expanded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACM Modules | $305,000,000 | $287,500,000 | $575,000,000 | $1,167,500,000 |
| Clark County obligation | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| SPV Equity (20%) | $61,000,000 | $57,500,000 | $115,000,000 | $233,500,000 |
| SPV Grant (Conservative 15%) | $45,750,000 | $43,125,000 | $86,250,000 | $175,125,000 |
| SPV Debt (65%) | $198,250,000 | $186,875,000 | $373,750,000 | $758,875,000 |
CapEx: $75M first 100 TPD module + $57.5M per additional 100 TPD increment. SPV capital structure: 20% equity / 15% conservative grant / 65% project debt. All Carbotura SPV — zero county obligation.
§2.3 — Feedstock Stream Coverage by Phase
| Stream | Phase Initial | Phase Medium | Phase Expanded | Access Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residential MSW | ✓ Primary | ✓ | ✓ | IMMEDIATE |
| Food Waste / Organics | ✓ Primary | ✓ | ✓ | IMMEDIATE |
| CCWRD Biosolids | ✓ Primary | ✓ | ✓ | IMMEDIATE |
| Commercial MSW (hospitality) | ✓ Ramp | ✓ | CONDITIONAL | |
| C&D Debris | ✓ Ramp | ✓ | CONDITIONAL | |
| Industrial & Special Waste | ✓ | ACCESSIBLE |
§2.4 — Site Candidate Analysis
Site Candidate Summary Table
| Priority | Zone | Approx. Acreage | Zoning | Land Authority | Co-location Advantage | Key Consideration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | Apex Industrial Corridor, North Las Vegas (US-93/I-15) | ~15–20 ac available | M-2 Heavy Industrial | City of North Las Vegas / Private industrial parcels | 2 miles from Republic Services transfer station and MRF; direct Apex adjacency for residuals; US-93 heavy haul corridor | Proximity to Apex requires clear operational boundary with Republic Services franchise |
| P2 | Henderson Industrial Zone (I-515 / Boulder Hwy) | ~10–18 ac available | M-1/M-2 Industrial | City of Henderson | Adjacent to Henderson Southwest Water Reclamation Facility (CCWRD biosolids); I-515 freight corridor; Henderson commercial waste capture | Land premium relative to P1; some residential interface at southern edge of corridor |
| P3 | Northwest Las Vegas Industrial (US-95 / Craig Rd) | ~12–20 ac available | M-1 Light/Heavy Industrial | City of Las Vegas / Clark County unincorporated | Captures northwest residential growth corridors (Skye Summit, Centennial Hills); proximity to US-95 logistics spine | Requires residential waste stream negotiation; less proximity to transfer infrastructure than P1 |
The Apex Industrial Corridor (North Las Vegas) is the Priority 1 candidate. Co-location within approximately 2 miles of the Republic Services North Las Vegas transfer station and MRF provides the optimal inbound logistics configuration for Phase Initial residential MSW streams. The US-93 heavy haul corridor to Apex provides verified infrastructure for high-tonnage transfer truck operations. City of North Las Vegas M-2 industrial zoning is consistent with ACM manufacturing facility classification requirements.
§2.5 — Phase Initial Feedstock Sufficiency
Phase Initial (500 TPD) is fully supportable from immediately accessible streams alone. Residential MSW (~2,203 TPD), food waste/organics (~356 TPD), and CCWRD biosolids (~100 TPD) total approximately 2,659 TPD of immediately accessible feedstock — a over Phase Initial daily capacity. No negotiation with Republic Services or any third party is required to commission Phase Initial at full throughput.
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Total Manufacturing Charge
FWDC planning basis is ESTIMATED at $61.14/ton (Nevada statewide average, EREF 2024). Apex Regional Landfill's current contracted tipping rate has not been publicly disclosed by Republic Services. The floor Beneficiation Fee of $100/ton applies regardless — the formula resolves to the floor at current FWDC. If actual Apex rates are materially above $105/ton (i.e., FWDC − $5 exceeds $100), the Beneficiation Fee would be revised upward in the Joint Working Group phase. In either case, the Circular Royalty™ remains 120%+ of whatever Beneficiation Fee applies. Source: EREF (2025), Analysis of MSW Landfill Tipping Fees — 2024.
§3.1 — Annual TMC Obligation by Phase
| Phase | TPY | TMC Year 1 ($/ton) | Annual TMC Year 1 | Annual TMC Year 5 | Annual TMC Year 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial (500 TPD) | 182,500 | $100.00 | $18,250,000 | $20,144,563 | $22,793,125 |
| Medium (1,000 TPD) | 365,000 | $100.00 | $36,500,000 | $40,289,125 | $45,586,250 |
| Expanded (2,000 TPD) | 730,000 | $100.00 | $73,000,000 | $80,578,250 | $91,172,500 |
TMC Year 5 = $100 × 1.025⁴ = $110.38/ton. TMC Year 10 = $100 × 1.025⁹ = $124.89/ton. Annual values = $/ton × phase TPY.
Royalty Structure, Fiscal Periods, and Fiscal Visualisation
Standard CSA: Clark County pays a per-ton Beneficiation Fee; Carbotura pays Circular Royalty™ at 120%, +1pp/yr, from Month 13. Separate transactions, never netted.
Gross cost displacement and Circular Royalty™ cash flow are quantified separately.
At steady state, the Circular Royalty™ is designed to exceed the Beneficiation Fee on a per-ton basis.
Circular Royalty™ payments begin 13 months after corresponding Beneficiation Fee payments and ramp to full run-rate on a rolling basis.
§4.0.1 — Fiscal Period Distinction
| Fiscal Period | Timing | Beneficiation Fee | Circular Royalty™ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Royalty | Months 1–12 (Year 1) | $100.00/ton | $0.00 |
| Royalty Ramp | Month 13 → Month 24 (Year 2 ramp) | $102.50/ton | $120.00/ton |
| Steady-State | Year 2 onward — compounding annually | Escalating at 2.5%/yr | Escalating at 2.5%/yr + 1pp/yr |
§4.0.2 — Year-by-Year Fiscal Table (Phase Expanded — 730,000 TPY)
| Year | Avoided Disposal Cost | Beneficiation Fee Paid | Royalty Rate | Circular Royalty™ Received |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | $44,632,200 Est | $73,000,000 | $0 | |
| 2 | $44,632,200 | $74,825,000 | 120% | $87,600,000 |
| 5 | $44,632,200 | $80,578,250 | 123% | $96,693,900 |
| 10 | $44,632,200 | $91,172,500 | 128% | $113,793,760 |
| 20 | $44,632,200 | $119,599,300 | 138% | $159,312,540 |
| 30 | $44,632,200 | $152,867,800 | 148% | $220,768,680 |
Royalty figures are amounts received. The royalty is paid 13 months in arrears, so the figure shown for a year is earned on the previous year’s delivered tonnage.
Avoided Disposal Cost = 730,000 TPY × $61.14/ton FWDC planning basis (ESTIMATED). Royalty formula: Royalty(Year n) = TMC(Year n−1) × (119+n)%. Year 1 royalty = $0 (pre-royalty period).
§4.0.3 — Fiscal Visualisation — Three-Item Gross Chart
Gross stacked view: Avoided Disposal Cost (amber, positive); Beneficiation Fee Paid (red, negative); Circular Royalty™ Received (emerald, positive Year 2+).
Source: Registry §E locked parameters · TMC $100/ton · Royalty 120% base +1pp/yr · Avoided Disposal $61.14/ton EREF 2024 (Estimated).
§4.1 — Exogenesis™ Royalty add-on (Subject to Waste Characterization Study)
Exogenesis™ becomes a CSA element only after: (1) Waste Characterization Study; (2) qualifying asset confirmation; (3) mutual agreement. Apex Regional Landfill's scale represents a significant opportunity — but this requires study before any election is made.
Potential additive royalty stream. If elected: Clark County deeds Apex Regional Landfill (North Las Vegas) to Carbotura at CSA execution. Carbotura deploys Exogenesis™ Programme within 3–7 years post-COD.
| Year | Rate $/ton | Annual (~73,000 tpy indicative) |
|---|---|---|
| 1–5 | $0 | |
| 6 | $50.00 | +$3,650,000 (indicative) |
| 10 | $52.02 | +$3,797,460 |
| 30 | $63.49 | +$4,634,770 |
| 30-yr indicative (if elected) | ~$103M | |
INDICATIVE. Subject to Waste Characterization Study. Stacks on the CSA — never netted (MR §4.8). Note: Apex Landfill's actual extractable mass likely exceeds the standard 73,000 tpy planning basis — Waste Characterization Study will establish actual economics.
Risk Allocation and Mitigation
| Risk | Key Driver | Who Bears It | Mitigation | Residual Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FWDC verification — Apex rate discovery | Republic Services has not disclosed current Apex tipping rate | Clark County — FWDC drives FWDC comparison only; Beneficiation Fee resolves to floor | Joint Working Group phase to obtain contractual rate data; TMC Floor $100/ton protects Carbotura regardless | MEDIUM — if Apex rate is materially above planning basis, County avoided cost calculation improves |
| Manufacturing classification challenge | SNHD or state authority could attempt solid waste classification | Both parties — RPT is a hard withdrawal trigger for Carbotura | Pre-engagement regulatory pathway analysis; RCRA §1004(27) · 40 CFR §261.2(e) provides the federal basis | HIGH residual if SNHD does not engage manufacturing-first pathway — engagement precondition |
| Technology performance | MCR throughput below nameplate capacity | Carbotura — performance guarantees in CSA | Performance standards with liquidated damages; modular scale-up allows phased risk management | LOW — modular architecture limits exposure to individual module failures |
| Republic Services franchise constraint | 1993 franchise gives Republic exclusive MSW collection rights from county businesses | Clark County — franchise renegotiation or amendment required for commercial MSW access | Phase Initial structured on immediately accessible streams only; franchise renegotiation deferred to Phase Medium | MEDIUM — Phase Initial fully executable without franchise engagement |
| Timeline slippage | Permitting delays, site acquisition, or construction delays | Shared — COD milestone governs TMC start date | Carbotura standard deployment schedule includes permitting contingency; site candidates P1/P2/P3 enable parallel analysis | LOW-MEDIUM — royalty lag provides built-in buffer; no county payment obligation until feedstock delivery |
| PFAS regulatory escalation | EPA tightening PFAS standards for landfill-adjacent operations | Carbotura — ACM achieves complete PFAS breakdown; no compliance liability for county on ACM-processed material | MCR at 1,200°C+ eliminates PFAS through elemental dissociation; no landfill co-disposal of PFAS-containing streams | POSITIVE for ACM — PFAS regulatory tightening increases relative attractiveness of ACM vs. landfill disposal |
| Competitive procurement pressure | Other counties offering competing feedstock contracts to Carbotura SPV | Clark County — timing determines deployment sequence | CSA execution secures SPV capital allocation; delay risks queue position in Carbotura's regional deployment pipeline | LOW if engagement proceeds promptly; MEDIUM if decision deferred beyond 18 months |
Milestone Schedule — Carbotura Standard Deployment
| Milestone | Timing | Description | Party |
|---|---|---|---|
| T0 — Engagement Authorisation | T0 | Clark County authorises Joint Working Group phase. Engagement officially commences. | Clark County |
| Joint Working Group phase Complete | T0 + 3 months | FWDC verification, site analysis, regulatory pathway, feedstock characterisation confirmed. | Carbotura + Clark County |
| CSA Execution | T0 + 4–6 months | Community Operating Agreement executed. SPV formed. Capital deployment authorised. | Both parties |
| Phase Initial Construction Start | T0 + 6 months | P1 site acquired / permitted. 500 TPD facility construction commences. | Carbotura SPV |
| ⭑ Phase Initial COD | T0 + 24 months | 500 TPD facility operational. Beneficiation Fee payments begin immediately upon first feedstock delivery. | Carbotura SPV |
| Phase Medium Full Operations | T0 + 42 months | 1,000 TPD operational. Commercial MSW ramp begins (conditional on franchise structure). | Carbotura SPV |
| ⭑ First Circular Royalty™ Payment | T0 + 37 months | First royalty payment to Clark County — 13 months after Phase Initial COD. Based on Year 1 TMC volumes at 120%. | Carbotura SPV → Clark County |
| Phase Expanded Full Operations | T0 + 60 months | 2,000 TPD operational. Full 28.1% of total Clark County stream addressable. | Carbotura SPV |
| Steady-State Operations | Year 5 onward | Royalty rate escalating at +1pp/year annually. | Ongoing |
| Year 30 — CSA Maturity | T0 + 30 years | CSA term concludes. Carbotura retains facility ownership. County retains full 30-year royalty stream. | Both parties |
⭑ = key County milestone. Timeline = Carbotura standard deployment schedule. T0 dates subject to confirmation at Joint Working Group phase. Highlighted rows represent hard county planning milestones.
Joint Working Group phase authorisation should occur no later than 12 months from initial engagement to maintain Phase Initial COD within a 36-month planning window. At Phase Expanded volumes, each quarter of delay in Joint Working Group phase authorisation defers approximately $21.9M in Year 2 Circular Royalty™ receipts per quarter.
Fiscal Effects and Regional Economic Impact
Clark County fiscal effects (royalty receipts, disposal cost displacement) and regional economic effects (employment, GDP impact, tax base) are distinct categories. They are presented separately below. Mixing county treasury receipts with regional economic activity is analytically incorrect and is not done here.
§7.1 — Clark County Fiscal Effects
| Fiscal Item | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 10 | Year 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avoided Disposal Cost Est | $44.6M | $44.6M | $44.6M | $44.6M |
| Beneficiation Fee Paid | ($73.0M) | ($74.8M) | ($91.2M) | ($152.9M) |
| Circular Royalty™ Received | $0 | $87.6M | $113.8M | $220.8M |
Phase Expanded (730,000 TPY) basis. Avoided Disposal based on FWDC $61.14/ton (ESTIMATED). Year 1 = pre-royalty period; Beneficiation Fee is offset against disposal cost that would otherwise be paid to Republic Services.
§7.2 — Regional Economic Effects
Note: Regional economic effects reflect employment and economic activity generated by ACM facility operations in Clark County. These are not Clark County treasury receipts and must not be combined with §7.1 fiscal figures.
| Economic Metric | Phase Initial | Phase Expanded | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct FTE employment Est | 125 | 500 | Carbotura standard scaled parameters |
| Indirect/induced jobs Est | ~375 | ~1,500 | Carbotura standard multiplier |
| Annual economic impact Est | $40M+ | $160M+ | Carbotura standard scaled |
| 30-year carbon reduction Est | 21.25M tCO₂e | 85M tCO₂e | 1,903–1,958 tCO₂e/day scaled × 30yr |
| Daily ultrapure water recovery Est | 108,750 gal/day | 435,000 gal/day | 87,000 gal × (TPD/400) baseline |
Executive Implications — Value Stack
- Year 1 framing: Clark County pays the Beneficiation Fee in Year 1 instead of an Apex tipping fee. The $73M TMC obligation in Year 1 is directly displaced from what would otherwise be $44.6M in disposal costs at Apex — the difference is the Carbotura facility premium that returns as royalty from Year 2.
- Year 2 inflection:No other municipal procurement mechanism currently available to Clark County achieves this inflection.
- Compounding advantage: The royalty escalator (+1pp/year) exceeds the Beneficiation Fee escalator (2.5%/year) in structural terms.
Six Structural Alignments
| # | Alignment Factor | Clark County Specific Basis |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Volume alignment | ~7,105 TPD total system; 2,659 TPD immediately accessible; Phase Initial requires 500 TPD. |
| 2 | Infrastructure alignment | P1 site (Apex Industrial Corridor, North Las Vegas) sits within 2 miles of Republic Services' primary transfer station and MRF on the US-93 heavy haul corridor. Existing transfer infrastructure requires minimal modification to redirect residential MSW flows to ACM. |
| 3 | Contract timing alignment | No hard external deadline applies. The principal forcing function is the opportunity cost of Republic Services' unconstrained tipping fee escalation. The 1993 franchise grants Republic sole pricing authority — every year without an alternative is a year of uncontrolled disposal cost growth. |
| 4 | Policy alignment | Manufacturing NAICS classification (325180, 325998, 327992, 331110, 331314, 331492) is the governing classification basis — consistent with Nevada's manufacturing-priority economic development framework and GOED's advanced manufacturing incentive programme. RCRA §1004(27) · 40 CFR §261.2(e) provides the federal regulatory anchor. See §1.0 RPT. |
| 5 | Diversion mandate driver | Clark County's recycling diversion rate (~20%) trails Nevada's 25% statutory goal. ACM deployment on a manufacturing classification basis contributes to diversion metrics under the appropriate regulatory framework, addressing a persistent state-level compliance gap without the capital overhead of traditional MRF expansion. |
| 6 | Economics specificity | Beneficiation Fee of $100/ton resolves to the floor against a $61.14/ton FWDC planning basis — meaning the commercial terms are structured against Clark County's actual cost data. If Joint Working Group phase verification confirms a higher Apex rate, the avoided disposal advantage strengthens. The commercial structure is calibrated to this jurisdiction's actual economics, not a generic template. |
Data Basis
| Figure | Value | Source | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| FWDC planning basis | $61.14/ton | EREF (2025), Analysis of MSW Landfill Tipping Fees — 2024; Green Mountain Technologies, October 2024 | ESTIMATED |
| Beneficiation Fee | $100.00/ton (floor) | User input — Carbotura standard floor; formula resolves to floor at current FWDC | USER INPUT |
| Royalty base rate | 120% of the current-year Beneficiation Fee | Carbotura standard contractual parameter | RULE DEFAULT |
| Royalty escalator | +1pp/year | Carbotura standard contractual parameter | RULE DEFAULT |
| Payment lag | 13 months rolling | Carbotura standard contractual parameter — always | RULE |
| CapEx Phase Initial | $305M | $75M first module + $57.5M × 4 additional; SPV locked defaults | SPV DEFAULT |
| Employment figures | 125–500 FTE by phase | Carbotura standard 400 TPD baseline parameters, scaled by (TPD/400) | BASELINE SCALED |
| Carbon reduction estimate | 85M tCO₂e over 30yr (Expanded) | Carbotura standard 400 TPD baseline: 17M tCO₂e/30yr, scaled × (2,000/400) | BASELINE SCALED |